Regimes
How the question is answered under each regime
Kazakhstan · national regimeSeveral separate statuses
- a digital financial asset platform operator is registered with the NBK
- circulation of digital financial assets, except stablecoins, is regulated by the ARDFM
- digital mining is carried out under a licence; mining pools are accredited
- the NBK has introduced a special regulatory regime for digital asset and payment services; participants are selected on the basis of set criteria and their business plan
Kazakhstan · AIFC / AFSAAIFC rules
- issuance and circulation of digital assets in the AIFC are governed by AIFC law
- issuing fiat stablecoins in the AIFC requires AFSA authorisation
- a specific token is classified under AFSA rules
Other jurisdictionsAssessed on request
- tokenisation and issuance regimes differ by country
- the EU applies the MiCA Regulation
- foreign law is handled with local counsel
How an activity is classified depends on the actual model: who is the client's counterparty, where assets and keys are held, how settlement works, who the services are for. Information is current as of October 2026 and is confirmed during the project assessment.